Jay Creek 1938 - 1941


Narional Archives of Australia Darwin Office CRS F126 Item 37 Jay Creek Copyright P J Mackett 2007 List of Narives who have resided at Jay Creek for the greater part of the time between 1. 4.1938 and 30. 6.1938 Note 'ng' in italics means the 'n' symbol with the extra length in the original. I Men Albert (from Ulaterka) George Alknarintja Altinka Altinka kurka Alkatjiwuka Charlie Ampa Carbine David Erinjakalaka Ekungjambarinja Eric (from Ntaripa, near Alice Springs) Hesekiel Indu Ingkatji Intjiriljaka Johannes Jim (from Ulumbaura) Kalejika, Alec Kinjinnga Kwalatara Larry Ijona, Tom Makarinja, Harry Mametuka, Charlie Melba, Paddy Merini Jack Moses Mulda Mutungkamutunka, Jack Namatjira, Archie Nathanael Nunti Nguntijali, Sandy Oneboot Jack Papina Panka Papatjukurba Pingkatjita Rolf Ronald Tanatji Takararinja, Francis Tnapana Thomas Tjatjituwara Tjakara, Johnny Tjinapatala Tnaueria Tutana Tungala Udepatarinja, Charlie Utnadata, Johnny Willy Winuinnga II Women Jessie Arkeaka Janie Atnungarinja Amari Alirata Buddy Erakuureraka Molly Ilimaki Ilbakitjumbura Ilkannga Intjila (na) Charlotte Iwurknga Irbia Irtnjeulaka, Topsy Jamai, Polly Jikapa Jean (H/C) Katarina Kekimana I (Hesekiel's wife) Kekimana II (young girl) Kumia, Polly Kungu Kubali Kujarangunka, Nellie Kwaiatumba Laing, Elsie (H/C) Louisa Maria (Nathanael's wife) Maria (H/C) Marintjia Mantua Maggie (H/C Maggie Nguera Maggie Njiltja Mutuka, Annie Mbatuka, Pati Munjungka Jeli Mungana Maudie from Tempe Downs Maudie (with three children) Mavis Myrtle (Mametuka's daughter) Nalli Nakara Napana, Dolly Napataka, Mary Anne Napitji, Palierana's wife Efa Napitji Nancy Nangawara Janie Ngata Ngapeja (or Kinbirka) Ngungi Njumita Njuwala Nungaka Nungalka, Papatjukurba's wife Mary Nungalka Ntjupulba, Nellie Janie Rolta Rolf's Ruby Ruby Schaber Ruby Papatjukurba Nellie Rarka Nellie Rokota Selma Tharilknga Tapukula Thanguna Amy Thanangu Tjulkiwana Urukita Urkwalurkeraka Unkari Unkari kurka, Lulu Winnie Witawara Wollatja, Janie III Children - boys Penny (Witjitji) Rufus (Jean H/C) Ronny (H/C Ruby Papatjukurba) Theobald (Selma) Kenny and another boy (Rolf's children) Alfie Ross (Maudie) Arabi (Ilimaki) Allen (Nungalka) One boy (Ngungi) One boy (Amy Thanangu) Two boys (Kekimana) One boy (Tapukula) III Children - Girls Ngaljera (Mungana) Violet ) Elva ) Nancy's children Small girl ) Anna (Selma) Small girl (Rolf) Molly ) N.N. ) Maudie's children Nellie ) Janie ) Ilimaki Nantananta ) Amanga ) Nungalka's children Ursula ) Small child (Mary Mungalka) Lutie (Takararinja) Two girls (Ngungi) Three girls (Amy Thanangu) One girl (Tapukula) NB Kulaia Nulunta Witjitji Wantu Mungana and six children should be added to the above total, since all of them were here from late November last year until May, when the adults and some children were taken in to Alice Springs for a courtcase. The total is then - Fullbloods Male Adults 54 Male Children 14 Female Adults 73 Female Children 21 Sub-Total 127 34 Half-castes Male Adults 0 Male Children 1 Female Adults 4 Female Children 0 Grand-Total 131 35 Total 166 plus 5 adults and six children mentioned above _____________________________________________________________________________ 31th August 1941 The Chief Protector of Aboriginals Darwin, N.T. Dear Sir I am herewith forwarding the requested lists of names and persons who have been receiving rations at Jay Creek. The sign --- means that the persons in question received rations up to the end of June 30th 1938, and that they belong to the relatively settled section of the local community. The other abbreviations are as follows :- A = Aranda WA = Western Aranda NA = Northern Aranda CA = Central Aranda EA = Eastern Aranda L = Loritja PE = Paralysis Epidemic The numbers have varied on each ration day so far, as my previous returns to you have indicated. This variation is due to the nomadic tendencies of the local population. Even those persons who have been listed as regular recipients, ie persons who - according to these lists have stayed here for many months, have frequently been absent for one or two ration days at irregular intervals. A large percentage of the ration recipients has been listed as 'casuals': this means that they are persons who do not stay normally for more than two or three consecutive ration days, and then are absent for equally long (or much longer) intervals before they present themselves again. The paralysis epidemic - as the lists will show - brought up the numbers of the unemployed and of the casual visitors very greatly, A certain number of the younger men, who were hungry and out of work, partook the ordinary issue of rations for a while; they had to perform relief work, however, in the form of roadmaking in return. In view of the shocking condition of the Jay Creek - Alice Springs road six months ago, this relief work was well warranted. The unemployed wives of unemployed husbands have also been granted rations; and rations were also allowed to young unmarried girls who had no means of support. It was felt that such action was desirable for two reasons: (1) The future of the race depends upon the health of the young and child-bearing female population; (2) It is wise to help the young unmarried girls to some extent, in order to lessen the chances of their prostitution in order to obtain food and clothing from low-grade white men. Yours sincerely T G H Strehlow Patrol Officer Rationed Name No. Where From Date Date European Aboriginal Age Sex Type Notes 1 Ljaba 18. 2.1938 - - - George Alknarintja 65 M WA Blind 2 Emalkna 14. 1.1938 - - - Jack Altinka 55 M WA Old Age 3 Emalkna 7. 1.1938 - - - Jack Altinka kurka 54 M WA,L Old Age, very infirm 4 Iloata (Mt Conway) 21. 2.1938 - - - Alkatjiwuka 70 M CA Old Age, blind 5 Standley's Chasm 25. 2.1938 - - - Charlie Apma 62 M CA Old Age 6 Japalpa 13. 5.1938 - - - David 60 M Old Age, infirm 7 Jay Creek (Iwupataka) 4. 3.1938 - - - Joe Erinjakalaka 60 M CA Old Age 8 Ilbilla 3. 6.1938 - - - Indu(na) 40 M Pintubi Disciplinary 9 Merini 7. 1.1938 - - - Jack Intjiriljaka 55 M L Old Age 10 Hermannsburg 25. 2.1938 - - - Johannes 65 M WA Old Age 11 Glen Helen 7. 1.1938 - - - Larry 55 M WA Old Age, eyesight poor 12 Parr'Erultja 11. 2.1938 - - - Tom Ljonga 55 M WA Old Age 13 Ljaba 21. 1.1938 - - - Harry Makarinja 75 M NA Old Age, very infirm 14 Pmokoputa (Old Station) 30. 1.1938 - - - Charlie Mametuka 55 M WA Old Age 15 Ilaia (Mt Burrell) 4. 3.1938 - - - Paddy Melba 60 M CA Old Age 16 Watarka (King's Creek) 7. 1.1938 - - - Merini Jack 55 M L Old Age 17 Hermannsburg 7. 1.1938 - - - Moses 65 M WA Old Age. blind 18 Amulda, West of H'burg 19. 3.1938 24. 6.1938 Mulda 60 M L Blind 19 Lukaria 25. 2.1938 - - - Archie Namatjira 55 M WA Old Age 20 Ellery's Creek 6. 5.1938 1. 7.1938 Nathanael Renana 70 M WA Old Age 21 Haast's Bluff 18. 2.1938 - - - Nunti 60 M Pintubi Old Age 22 Haast's Bluff 7. 1.1938 - - - Sandy Nuntijali 30 M L Cripple, Crippled back and hand 23 King's Creek 7. 1.1938 - - - Panka 68 M L Old Age 24 Near Mt Liebig 7. 1.1938 - - - Papatjukurba 62 M L Old Age 25 Haast's Bluff 19. 3.1938 17. 6.1938 Ronald 65 M L Old Age, lame 26 Blanche's Tower 7. 1.1938 - - - Tanatji 60 M L Old Age 27 Lukaria 14. 1.1938 - - - Thomas 70 M WA Old Age, blind 28 Aruka, Giles Range 25. 2.1938 8. 7.1938 Johnny Tjakara 55 M Unmatjera Lame 29 Merini 25. 2.1938 20. 5.1938 Tungala 60 M L Old Age 30 Udepata 14. 2.1938 - - - Charlie Udepatarinja 65 M WA Old Age 31 Mt Zeil 25. 2.1938 - - - Johnny Utnadata 65 M WA Old Age 32 Wilbia, West of Tempe Downs 7. 1.1938 15. 1.1938 Witjiti 60 M L Old Age 33 Uluru (Ayer's Rock) 7. 1.1938 15. 1.1938 Roka-Kanakana 55 M Pitjantjara Old Age 34 Maurunga, West of Mt Liebig 7. 1.1938 20. 5.1938 Kulaia 55 M L Held for manslaughter Trial 35 Ilbilla District 7. 1.1938 20. 5.1938 Ngulunta 55 M Pintubi Held for manslaughter Trial 36 Watarka (King's Creek) 21. 1.1938 19. 3.1938 Tjolilna 58 M L Old Age To the above list must be added the following casuals 37 Tempe Downs Tanari 60 M L Old Age 38 Running Waters Mick Kaltjirbuka 50 M WA Old Age 39 Imanda Braedon Bob Kentia 52 M CA Old Age 40 Haast's Bluff Jim Miniera 52 M L Old Age 41 Imanda Ted Iltaberinja 53 M CA Old Age 42 Merini Papina 60 M L Old Age Also add the following younger unemployed men, who received rations during the paralysis epidemic and during the months of April and May, in return for road repairs to the roads from Jay Creek to Alice Springs and Gall's Springs. 43 Munkulbma, West of Horseshoe Bend Inkatji 37 M L 44 Watarka (King's Creek) Pinkatjita 37 M L 45 Alkurutunga (West of Owen Springs) Alec Kalejika 44 M CA 46 Watarka Jack Mutunkamutunka 42 M L 47 Owen Springs Francis Takararinja 37 M CA 48 Ulburumbala near Gilbert Springs Jim Tjatjituwara 45 M WA 49 Tempe Downs Mick Winuinnga 40 M 50 Piltadi Kinjinnga 40 M Rationed Name No. Where From Date Date European Aboriginal Age Sex Type Notes 1 Ljaba 11. 3.1938 - - - Jessie Arkeaka 66 F A Old Age, very infirm 2 Atnuna 29. 4.1938 - - - Janie Atnungarinja 63 F A Old Age 3 Tempe Downs 7. 1.1938 - - - Amari 66 F L Old Age 4 Tempe Downs 21. 1.1938 6. 5.1938 Alirata 50 F L Old Age 5 Irbmankara 19. 3.1938 - - - Charlotte Erakuureraka 55 F A Old Age 6 Apaura 7. 1.1938 - - - Mollie Ilimaki 45 F L Unemployed, 3 children 7 Ilkoatna 11. 3.1938 - - - Janie Ilbakitjumbura 70 F NA Old Age 8 Owen Springs 11. 3.1938 - - - Charlotte Iwurkna 65 F CA Old Age 9 Hermannsburg 4. 3.1938 - - - Polly Ilkanna 60 F WA Old Age 10 Hermannsburg 4. 3.1938 - - - Mary Anne Napataka 57 F WA Old Age 11 Mana, South of Putati 14. 1.1938 6. 5.1938 Intjilana 60 F Pintubi Old Age 12 Finke Gorge 18. 2.1938 - - - Topsy Irtnjeulaka 56 F WA Old Age 13 Owens Springs 11. 3.1938 - - - Annie Mutuka 60 F CA Old Age 14 Owens Springs 11. 3.1938 - - - Janie Rolta 60 F CA Old Age 15 Owens Springs 11. 3.1938 13. 5.1938 Fannie Ulalia 62 F CA Old Age, died 13. 5.1938 16 Owens Springs 11. 3.1938 - - - Nellie Kujarangunja 55b F CA Old Age 17 Jay Creek 11. 3.1938 - - - Lady Kwaiatumba 55 F CA Old Age 18 Haast's Bluff 7. 1.1938 - - - Polly Jamai 50 F L Old Age 19 25. 2.1938 - - - Jikapa 57 F A Old Age 20 Hermannsburg 18. 3.1938 - - - Katarina 64 F WA Old Age 21 Irbmankara 7. 1.1938 - - - Polly Kumia 65 F WA Old Age 22 Haast's Bluff 7. 1.1938 - - - Kungu 72 F L Old Age 23 Merini 7. 1.1938 - - - Kubali 66 F L Old Age 24 Hermannsburg 6. 5.1938 1. 7.1938 Maria 70 F WA Old Age 25 Piltadi 14. 1.1938 24. 6.1938 Mantua 66 F Pitjantjara Old Age 26 Arltunga 7. 1.1938 - - - Maggie Nguera 65 F EA Old Age 27 Finke Gorge 7. 1.1938 - - - Maggie Njiltja 67 F WA Old Age 28 Owens Springs 7. 1.1938 - - - Buddy Mbatuka 60 F CA Old Age, blind 29 Tempe Downs 7. 1.1938 Jeli Mungana 42 F L Unemployed, 3 children 20 Tempe Downs 10. 6.1938 - - - Maudie 37 F L Unemployed, 3 children 31 Apaura 7. 1.1938 - - - Janie Ngata 58 F L Old Age 32 Haast's Bluff 7. 1.1938 - - - Napitji 30 F L Unemployed, wife of Palierana 33 Merini 18. 2.1938 10. 6.1938 Ngungi 34 F Pintubi Unemployed, 3 children 34 Ulumbaura 14. 1.1938 - - - Njumita 56 F L Old Age 35 Haast's Bluff 7. 1.1938 20. 5.1938 Witjitji 30 F Pintubi Held for Manslaughter Trial 36 Haast's Bluff 7. 1.1938 20. 5.1938 Wantu 40 F Pintubi Held for Manslaughter Trial 37 Haast's Bluff 7. 1.1938 20. 5.1938 Mungana 43 F Pintubi Held for Manslaughter Trial 38 Henbury 7. 1.1938 - - - Nungaka 40 F L Unemployed 39 Ulumbaura 7. 1.1938 - - - Jessie Nungalka 52 F L Old Age 40 Tempe Downs 28. 1.1938 - - - Mary Nungalka 40 F L Unemployed, 3 children 41 Kunanba 7. 1.1938 6. 5.1938 Tapukula 45 F L Unemployed 42 Tempe Downs 7. 1.1938 - - - Nellie Rokota 50 F L Old Age 43 Ulumbaura 23. 2.1938 - - - Annie Tharilkna 50 F L Old Age 44 Hermannsburg 23. 2.1938 - - - Selma 30 F WA Unemployed, 3 children 45 Ilbalintja 15. 4.1938 - - - Nellie Rarka 65 F NA Old Age 46 Ulumbaura 18. 2.1938 - - - Polly Thanguna 57 F L Old Age 47 Ilkoatna 11. 3.1938 - - - Polly Urukita 58 F VA Old Age 48 Ulamba 15. 4.1938 - - - Urkwalurkeraka 51 F WA Old Age 49 Ulumbaura 18. 2.1938 - - - Unkari knara 58 F L Old Age 50 Ulumbaura 25. 2.1938 - - - Lulu Unkarikurka 53 F L Old Age 51 Jay Creek 23. 2.1938 - - - Janie Wollatja 50 F CA Old Age 52 Haast's Bluff 20. 5.1938 - - - Ngaljera 9 F Pintubi Daughter of Witness held for Manslaughter Trial 53 Haast's Bluff 20. 5.1938 - - - Penny 10 M Pintubi Son of Witness held for Manslaughter Trial 54 Mt Olga 21. 1.1938 19. 3.1938 Mujilana 60 F Pitjantjara Old Age To the above list must be added the names of the following casuals. 55 Middleton Ponds Majana 42 F L Unemployed 56 Middleton Ponds Ijauwi 36 F L Unemployed 57 Middleton Ponds Tjulkiwa 34 F L Unemployed 58 Petermann Ranges Pankilkara 17 F Pitjantjara Unemployed, with a baby 59 South of Piltardi Nangawara 30 F Pitjantjara Unemployed 60 Ulumbaura Ntaia 70 F L Old Age 61 Ulumbaura Mary Ngapa 25 F L Paralysis epidemic 62 Bond Springs Dolly Erala 40 F A Paralysis epidemic 63 Jay Creek Myrtle 17 F CA Paralysis epidemic 64 Henbury Lottie 20 F A Paralysis epidemic 65 Burt Well Daisy Atnorkniwuka 50 F NA Paralysis epidemic 66 Tempe Downs Clara Tjungura 45 F L Paralysis epidemic 67 Ilbalintja Kathleen Ntjupulba 35 F NA Paralysis epidemic 68 Anbala Gap Mary Ntjiraka 27 F WA Paralysis epidemic, 2 children 69 Ulumbaura Elsie Glory 23 F L Unemployed, 2 children 70 Tempe Downs Okambara 60 F L Old Age 71 Japalpa Andula 50 F A Old Age 72 Tempe Downs Nalli 46 F L Unemployed 73 Tempe Downs Nakara 46 F L Unemployed 74 Tempe Downs Buddy 30 F L Unemployed 75 Tempe Downs Maudie 30 F L Unemployed 76 Tempe Downs Dolly 30 F L Unemployed 77 Alice Springs Dowie 35 F A Unemployed 78 Alice Springs Edie H/C 37 F A 79 Alice Springs Jean H/C 24 F A With son, half-caste 80 Tempe Downs Tilly 28 F L Unemployed 81 Henbury Caroline 30 F A Unemployed 82 Urumunna Angelina Ntjuiamba 35 F A Paralysis epidemic 83 Burt Plain Maggie Tjantunga 35 F A Paralysis epidemic 84 Alice Springs Nancy 35 F A Unemployed, several children 85 Mt Olga Marrtji 40 F Pitjantjara Paralysis Epidemic 86 Mt Olga Irbia 50 F Pitjantjara Paralysis Epidemic 87 Hermannsburg Lena 51 F A Lame, widow? 88 Near Lake Amadeus Wannubaia 40 F Pitjantjara Paralysis Epidemic Add the following list of young women receiving rations, off and on, when unemployed. 89 Ulumbaura Ruby I 33 F L Three children 90 Nkorumba Mavis 16 F A 91 Ulumbaura Winnie 17 F L 92 Haast's Bluff Elsie Laing 16 F A 93 Tempe Downs Kekimana 18 F L 94 Tempe Downs Kuntjirea 15 F L 95 Tempe Downs Efa Napitji 16 F L 96 Middleton Ponds Njoweri 16 F L 97 Henbury Ruby 18 F A 98 Ulumbaura Ruby Papatjukurba 23 F L 99 Tempe Downs Tjenjunta 17 F L 100 Henbury Nancy 15 F A ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7th February 1941 The District Officer Alice Springs Sickness and Deaths of Aboriginals on Jay Creek Reserve The following deaths have occurred on the Jay Creek Reserve recently :- 1. Panginja, from Petermann Ranges, aged 46-50 years, of T.B., on 3. 1.1941, male 2. Waniwaku, from Petermann Ranges, aged circa 70 years, of old age, on 4. 1.1941, female 3. Puntjuna, from Haast's Bluff, aged about 75 years, of old age, on 7. 1.1941, female 4. Jack Ekuntjarinja, of Mt Hay, aged about 75 years, of old age, on 4. 2.1941, male 5. Japhet, son of Rolf, aged 4 years, probably of measles, on 29.12.1940, male 6. Kekimana's boy, aged 2 years 7 months, of influenza, on 9. 1.1941 7. Dennis Njeneraka, of Mt Doreen, aged 3 years, of influenza, on 19. 1.1941, female In reply to certain remarks made by Dr Reilly on the above subject, I desire to bring the following facts to your notice :- (1) The report which he alludes to was made to Dr Reilly by my wife, who had also mentioned the prevalence of measles when visiting the Hospital earlier, in order to get information on their treatment. (2) We have had measles at Jay Creek since the beginning of November last year, also many cases of influenza and eye treatment; and we have had an average of about 20-30 cases of patients coming to us reguarly during this period for medicine. During January this agverage was from 30-40 daily. (3) With the exception of No 5 above (this child died apparently from the after effects of measles, although on the day before he died his family had thought that he had recovered to such an extent that he had no longer needed medicine), you will notice that all these deaths occurred after the New Year. The fall of 1 1/4 inches of rain at Jay Creek at New Year brought on unseasonably cold and chilly weather for well over a week; and this sudden chill probably accounts for the fact that there were so many deaths in January: old and weak people, also children afflicted with measles, and insufficiently sheltered from the elements at such a time, would naturally suffer considerably from the change of weather. Perhaps Dr Reilly will indicate a remedy for this state of affairs. (4) I refuse to accept any responsibility for the deaths of persons dying of T.B. or old age, nor do I see what aid a medical officer could render under such circumstances. As regards the three children, I should like to point out that we had seven or eight times that number ill with measles, coughs, colds and influenza during the past three months. The boy (No 5) when visited by us looked listless, but had no temperature, and was not lying down. The second boy (no 6) had no parents here; his foster parents brought him up for the first time on the morning of the day he died; it was then too late to call any help. The girl (No 7) appeared to have the same ullness as did the children of two other penal cases; the latter recovered the former did not. In her case, it must not be forgotten that she came from Mt Doreen, where vegetable foods have been scarce for at least 2 years, and where consequently the resistance to disease of the local inhabitants cannot be very high. It goes without saying that when serious illnesses are reported that such cases are visited by either my wife or myself. I doubt, however, whether there were fewer deaths among native children during the same time on the two Alice Springs native reserves, where the resident medical officer was able to pay prompt visits. I understand that there were three or more deaths among the infants of the R.C. camp alone, although there are fewer natives resident at that camp than at Jay Creek. (5) A daily roll call is impracticable at Jay Creek. There are four camps here: No 1 is a quarter of a mile south of our house, No 2 about 3/4 mile north west of us, No 3 about 1 1/4 miles northwest of us, and No 4 approximately 2 1/4 miles north of us. In addition, the population is semi-nomadic, about half the residents of the Reserve wander about in quest of food several days of the week on various parts of the Reserve. It is only on Saturdays that a full muster of natives could be obtained. In any case, Dr Reilly himself was once both Deputy Chief Protector of Aboriginals and Medical Officer in Alice Springs. I do not remember that he instituted a daily roll call during that time on the two native reserves at Alice Springs, 'so that a daily check could be kept on every individual'. This would, of course, have been impracticable at Alice Springs; and it is equally imprcaticable at Jay Creek, unless the Government appoints a special resident superintendent in order to supervise over two hundred natives, and then issues daily meals to the inhabitants in order to keep them close to the place. (6) In view of the fact that I do not pretend to possess any medical training or knowledge whatsoever, I must emphasize that all illness treated at Jay Creek is attended out of mere good will: it is purely a labour of love. I do not doubt that a fully qualified medical practicioner would have less disease on the place than I can hope to have. The remedy is, of course, to get some person with real medical experience (eg a qualified nurse or a trained ambulance man, in default of a doctor) to look after thewelfare of the natives. No layman should be expected to differentiate between variousillnesses which have the same superficial symptoms in common to an untrained eye. Again it goes without saying that we have called in the assistance of the doctor whenever we found a patient who seemed to us to be in need of medical assistance. (7) Finally, I would make the practical suggestion that a wireless transceiver be supplied by the N.T. Administrationfor use on the Jay Creek Reserve. It is impossible to run into Alice Springs for every case of sickness and every death among the aboriginals at Jay Creek in order to consult the proper authorities, On the other hand, it is not always feasible to keep a dead person from being buried until such time as a 'full and proper investigation' has been made. A wireless transceiver, however, would enable daily contact to be maintained with the proper authorities in Alice Springs in all such cases as these. T G H Strehlow Patrol Officer _______________________________________________________________________________ Northern Territory Administration Jay Creek 25th March 1941 The Director of Native Affairs Darwin N.T. Meat Ration at Jay Creek ......................... In addition, there are the following aboriginals who are entitled to a weekly meat ration - Altinkakurka, David, Tjuntilkarkna - complete senile decay George Alknarintka and Moses - blind Johnny Tjakara and Makinnga - both have paralysed legs Intjiriljaka - broken right wrist, healed in a crooked positrion Ronald - lame leg, because of severed tendons; aged man Sandy Nguntijali - crooked back and crippled hand (congenital defects) Of the above ten men, four (Altinkakurka, George, Moses and Intjiriljaka) have wives, for whom they are unable to provide any meat. In addition, there are the following women who are unable to get meat in the normal course of things - Aged widows - Amari, Lulu, Katie Walparera, Janie Ilbakitjumbura, Lady Kwaiatumba, Annie Urkwalurkeraka, Violet Leralintja (blind), Mary Anne Ilurka (aged near 70 years) Janie Lunkakaia, Maggie Matarilja, Mbatuka, Annie Mutuka. Blind - Charlotte Erakuureraka Paralysed by stroke - Dowie Middle-aged widows with many children - Dulata and Nancy
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Close