National Archives of Australia
CRS F1/0 Item 1962/1843
Report on Fieldwork west of Papunya June/July 1962 by Jeremy Long
(1) Report on Preliminary Patrol West of Papunya (June 11 - 17)
(2) General Report on Field Trips West of Papunya (June 23 - July 21)
(3) Fieldwork west of Papunya June/July 1962
Report on Preliminary Patrol West of Papunya (June 11 - 17)
Papunya
18 June 1962
1. Journal - Monday 11 June : Left Papunya after 11am with Landrover
and Volkswagen and camped by the road near Ilbili at dark after filling
44 gall. drum with water at Warren Creek bore (52 miles). Road to Liebig is
poor but beyond it is good apart from a few washaways. Left water drum
and some petrol here. (110 miles)
Tuesday 12 : Drove through Sandy Blight Junction to a dinner camp at the
WA border (85 miles; 195 from Papunya). Near TJITURUBA two boys stopped
the Landrover and both vehicles were taken in to a camp a little North of
the road. There were 16 people here, including a man and two youths
who moved from Mt Webb soon after us. Road to Sandy Blight proved rather
better than on previous trips but near the border it is washed out in
places (104 miles).
Wednesday 13 : Left 44 galls fuel and continued West past Mt Webb to a
soakage where two other families were to be camped but there was no water
here and the people had moved North. Continued West over a generally fair
road through Pollock Hills and into sandhill country to the North West.
(124 miles).
Thursday 14 : Drove to the end of the WRE road and found Jupiter Well,
sunk last year by National Mapping party and in good order (378 miles
from Papunya). A group of at least 14 people had left there a few hours
before for another water to the South West. An effort was made to
follow them up, because the mapping party's tracks headed northerly
and difficulty was found in taking the trailer through the sandhills,
this was abandoned. Returned East some distance before camping, after
leaving a drum with 30 galls. fuel at the well. (105 miles).
Friday 15 : Returned to the Dovers Hills and camped with the first group
of natives near MANDADI. They had not been joined by others (110 miles).
Saturday 16 : Returned East to Ilbili, taking two men and a youth to
visit relatives at Papunya and be returned next week. Collected fuel
remaining from the 1957 patrol and inspected a few miles of country
on the western side of the Ehrenberg Ranges. Camped after dark
near Salvation Hill. (141 miles).
Sunday 17 : Returned to Papunya (100 miles).
The total distance recorded on the Landrover speedometer was 801.9
miles. The road is quite good though overgrown so that washaways and
antbeds are a problem. The Volkswagen had to be pushed through one creek
on the way out and over one sandhill on the return journey. There are
drums of fuel and / or water left by the National Mapping parties at
50 / 60 mile intervals West of Sandy Blight. Water will be no problem
for several months at least because rain has been general.
2. General Observations : Most of the people from North and West of
Mt Webb are said to have gone to Balgo Mission just as most of those from East
of there have come in to Papunya. Apart from the people who were seen
or whose tracks were seen, there were groups reported to be West of
the southern end of Lake Macdonald and one family said to be still in
the Lake Hazlett (Labi-Labi) area to the North. Goannas and a variety
of seeds are now providing the staple diet for the people who seemed
to be in quite good health apart from winter colds and one small girl
with yaws who will be treated next week. These groups near the road
have all had some contact with the road-making (1960) and mapping
(1961) parties and some more might soon have attempted the long walk
around North of Lake Mackay to Mt Doreen (a route that is known)
in order to join relatives and obtain flour, tea & sugar, etc..
The waters East to Mt Liebig and Papunya are not known to them and this
has prevented their coming to Papunya before. The chances are that
even if relatives do not go out from here with camels some will walk in
if left to their own devices in the next few months.
3. Plans : I intend leaving again about 24 June for ten days or so
during which time I will revisit the first group and try to locate
any groups to the South west. If time permits I will make a third
trip to find the group near the end of the road. The 'Pintubi country'
proper seems to end about the Pollock Hills but on future trips I
hope to establish more precisely some of the limits of the territory
inhabited by these people. Most of the people met with so far have
been checked against the lists I compiled at Haast Bluff in 1957 but
there remain more that 20 adult males and their families to be accounted
for, apart from those recently deceased. I hope to gather more info-
mation about the waters, population distribution and local organisation,
and the age structure of the population on these further visits.
J P M Long
Research Officer
___________________________________________________________________________
General Report on Field Trips West of Papunya (June 23 - July 21)
Welfare Branch
Papunya
25 July 1962
I. Journal
(a) Trip to North-west of Papunya (June 23-27) : The aim of this
journey was to locate waters in the borderlands between the Pintubi
and Ngalia country from which areas a number of Papunya people come.
Drove North from Alumbara Bore through sandhills, West through country
South of the salt lakes and North on a station road past Lake Eaton
to Newhaven and Gurner stations; thence West to Mt Stanley (Karku)
and South-west to Dry Bluff (Tjigari), returning by way of Mt Carey
(Lunggada rockhole) and Kunadjarai to Mt Doreen, Yuendumu and (by way
of the incomplete new track, 72 miles) to Papunya. Total distance -
424.6 miles.
A bog in the lake country and staked tyres in the dense mulga
between Kunadjarai and Vaughan Springs caused delays. The route
through the Lake Mackay Reserve ran mainly over spinifex plains but
from a few miles South of Kunadjarai to the Mt Doreen boundary there
was first class pastoral country, which extends West and North to
Ethel Creek and Mt Farewell - probably some 700 / 800 square miles in
all. The evacuation of these areas began in the early 1930's and
they have probably been little visited by natives since the early 40's.
(b) Trip to Cleland Hills (June 29 - July 1) : The aim was to identify
two large watercourses lying in the territory of the original inhabitants
of the Haast Bluff country (Kukatja). From Mt Liebig drove to Putadi
spring and Southwest past Mt Udor (Parana) to Thomas Reservoir (Alala)
and South east from there to Murundji, South along the hills to
Puridjara and West to Gill's Creek (Kaltara). Returned on a track
made in 1958 across Deering Creek to Tarawara bore, Haast Bluff and
Papunya. Alala had evidently had little rain but held some thousands
of gallons and Murundjim a larger and more sheltered hole was full.
There are a number of rock paintings in the area, notably in a large
cave South of Murundji.
(c) Dovers Hills and Sandhill Country Southwest (July 2 - 10) : The
group met on the preliminary trip were found camped at Tjituruba, the
main water in Dovers Hills but moved the same day to Ladjurnga rockhole
where a base camp was established. Because the radio was not trans-
mitting I decided to go South to locate Macdougal who was working in
the Giles area. We met north of Sir Frederick Range on 5th July and
returned to base camp. Next day we started together for the Southwest
to meet a group which had recently sent two young men up to arrange
an initiation gathering. Camped the first night at Parpunga a large
rockhole in an area which had evidently had little rain: a small supply
was found after digging. Continued South of West into confused
sandhill country and in the evening met an old man and his young son,
having seen several smokes during the day. An axle broke on Macdougal's
International that afternoon and the going was very difficult next day
again as we started South towards the old man's camp. At noon a
couple with a baby came into our dinner camp and, leaving the old man
to go on and collect two women and another son, we drove North to a
soak where another couple with two children was camped. The group
had split up not long before and half had gone further south. The two
messengers had evidently gone to these groups. Macdougal started back
next morning while I awaited the expected return of the old man but left
after dinner when it was evident that he was not coming immediately.
Camped with Macdougal, who had had steering and tyre trouble, at 4pm
and camped near some low hills. Detoured next morning to visit
Aranga soak (where I had met a group in 1957) and returned to base camp.
Details of the people not actually seen were collected and a number of
waters located approximately. Two of the men seen had visited
Warburton Mission and one or two had been to Giles.
(d) Bonython Hills (July 11 - 14) : The aim was to find accessible
waters where the Woomera patrol officers could make contact with the
southern (sandhill) group on future visits. Drove to Mt Leisler on
July 11th and next day followed a National Mapping track towards
Bonython Hills (Tjilkagura), leaving it to go around the North side of
the hills and camp in sandhill country to the West. Next morning
located Walukuridja rockholes and returned to the Hills where Macdougal
went Northabout to meet P/Os Hunter and Lennard and I followed
the Mapping party's tracks South of the Hills and back to the meeting
point for a late lunch. Drove together back to the Giles road South
of Davenport Hills and camped. Next morning Macdougal returned to
Giles and we to the base camp. Distance 310.5 miles.
(e) Jupiter Well and the Canning Stock Route (July 15 - 21) : After
effecting repairs to radio and adjustments to springs Hunter and
Lennard left to continue their station patrol. Moved the base camp
to Mandadi, a rockhole a few miles South where we had camped on the
preliminary trip, and started West. Camped in Pollock Hills. Reached
Jupiter Well (Djundumarpa) next day at midday. One family had
revisited the well since out first visit and the bucket left there
had disappeared but rain had obscured their tracks and prevented
identification. Later in the afternoon started West on Mapping
tracks towards the Canning. Came on fresh tracks 8 miles out but
continued along the track after making a smoke, trusting that the
group would go in to the well. The Track headed North of West and
we soon left the country known to our guide. Camped 34 miles out.
Continued North and West next day over rolling spinifex-covered gravel
downs, that are almost treeless, and through some belts of sandhills
to No 35 Well on the Stockroute where we camped and replenished the
water tank with excellent water from the well. Next day returned the
130 miles to Jupiter Well arriving at 10.30pm after a slow trip
because of damaged springs. There had been no visitors to the
people left at the well and because rations were short and both
rear springs had broken leaves we started East next morning after
gathering names of some of the men known to be living in the country to
the South and West. Camped at Pollock Hills and the following day
returned to base camp for lunch. Delayed by rain and waiting for
members of the party to return from hunting, we camped at the eastern
end of the Dovers Hills. The 29 remaining in the camp, after I
had picked up one family so that the boy's burns could be treated at
Papunya, started moving East that afternoon and camped at Tjituruba.
Next day we returned to Papunya.
II. Comment
The main purpose of the journey was to gather information about
the Pintubi country and their manner of life and this material will
be presented later together with detailed maps and census lists. It
would be useful next winter to make two further trips to fill in gaps
in the information : (a) to travel West from Lake Macdonald through
the sandhill country about 170 miles and (b) to go North from the
Lake Mackay tracks to Balgo Hills Mission and South to the road near
Pollock Hills.
Population : The two groups that were contacted number about 60
though not all were seen :
Adults Children Total
Dovers / Angas Hills 17 11 28
Sandhills 18 16 34
In addition there were 13 adults and 3 children identified and named
from tracks seen at Jupiter Well and names of another 13 adult males,
most of whom probably have families, were recorded as living in
the country Southwest of there. These last are a mixed group of
Pintubi and Putidjara people. One man of the Jupiter Well group has
worked as a stockman somewhere in W.A. and I assume that the groups
have had some slight contact with Warburton or with Mission natives.
The balance of the Northern and Western Pintubi have moved up to Balgo
Hills or to stations, as have their Western (Pitungu) and Northern
(Yumu) neighbours, the latter deriving from the Lake Mackay / Lake
Hazlett area. (The people met on the Lake Mackay patrols 1957 and 1960,
who are now mainly at Yuendumu, derive from the areas seen on these
trips and had probably moved North as a result of the major emigrations
to Balgo Hills.)
Health : The Dovers Hills group looked to be in good fettle and have
been getting a good supply of seed foods and lizards. Kangaroo and
Euro are as plentiful in the areas as they probably would ever be but
until rifles came they were presumably a rare item of diet. One small
girl with yaws was given one penicillin injection which cleared up a
large and troublesome sore on her neck but there was some resistance to
completing the treatment and the issue was not pressed. One boy was
lame as a result of burns. One elderly man had died recently and
another and presumably his son had perished during last summer. The
group in the sandhills whose present staples appeared to be lizards
and feral cats were in less good condition perhaps but by no means
unhealthy.
Movements : Tentative arrangements were made with the two groups by Mr
Macdougal for visits in future to places near Dovers Hills and Bonython
Hills respectively, though it is expected that the two groups will
be united soon for initiation ceremonies. The group had however
started for Ilgalidja rockhole, West of Mt Strickland, when we left and
intended moving on after that to Kumanadja (formerly Willi) between
Mt Strickland and Ilbilli and thence, one assumes, Papunya. This may
mean that the whole area will be depopulated in the next few months and
these 60 odd people added to Papunya's 600 before the summer. It seems
that the desire to see their relatives here will overcome any reluctance to leave
their country, even though the WRE officers provide opportunities for
them to obtain some flour, tea and sugar. I will make some proposals
for meeting this situation in a separate submission. The disadvantages
of such a migration are obvious enough but more of them will no doubt
live longer and possibly healthier lives than formerly. In addition
the population out there has been so much reduced that inbreeding
is occurring (there were three instances of first cousin marriage
recorded, two as a direct result of recent immigrations to Papunya of
eligible males) and general social intercourse had become very
restricted (this may be a reason for the failure to initiate two
youths of 15 / 17 seen at Dovers Hills). The country from Mt Liebig to the
WA border is excellent condition and there is plenty of game so that
the group should experience little hardship in moving in.
J P M Long
Research Officer
_______________________________________________________________________________
Fieldwork west of Papunya June/July 1962
10th August 1962
Assistant Director
I submit for your information these notes on
the main lines of enquiry and my findings on my recent
field trip. I have already reported on aspects relat-
ing to future plans for the development of the reserve
and the welfare of the inhabitants. Census lists have
been placed on this file and copies will be sent for the
use of the Superintendent, Papunya, and the WRE officers.
2. 'Tribal Areas' of the Pintubi: A main object of the
field trips was to locate the areas inhabited by Pintubi
now at Yuendumu and Papunya or still in the desert. A
great many waterholes were located precisely or approx-
imately and this knowledge was useful in identifying the
'country' of virtually all the Pintubi at settlements or
in the bush. Similar work was done with the Ngalia and
Kukatja inhabitants of Papunya. Since the named groups
of these western desert people are generally identified
by dialect pecularities some necessarily superficial
enquiry was made into language. Some interesting results
of this work were :
(a) the people who are called and call themselves
Pintubi at Papunya have (at least) two distinct
dialects. A southern group from the sandhill
country west of Lake MacDonald across towards
Mt Rennie and Ilbilli and south towards Lake
Hopkins is sometimes called WINANBA. Many of
the earlier 'Pintubi' migrants, such as Nosepeg,
speak (spoke) this dialect. These people have
close ties with the Rawlinson people (NGADADJARDA)
whom they refer to as PATUTA, and in fact some
were, and are, living near Giles. They
have ties also with their south-eastern neigh-
bours whom they call NANGATJA or PITJA-PITJA
and who now live at Areyonga (where they are
called PITJANTJARA). But with the PINTUBI
to the North and the KUKATJA (sometimes MAYULA-
DJARA) to the East they were most closely linked.
(b) The groups seen on the 1957 Lake Mackay patrol,
and subsequently, who are now mainly at Yuendumu,
belong to the PINTUBI groups and were then liv-
ing out of their 'tribal country'. The northern
neighbours of the Pintubi are called YUMU and
(perhaps to the North-East towards Mt Singleton)
WARINGARI and are said to have gone, with many of
the Pintubi, to Balgo Hills Mission. (There they
are apparently all collectively known as KUKATA).
(c) the western neighbours of the Pintubi are known
as PUTIDJARA (south west) and PITUNGU (north west:
Canning Stock Route) and use the same subsection
terms as the Rawlinson, Warburton and
other western groups. There were several
Pintubi families living with Putidjara
people near Jupiter Well, which lies some
70 miles west of what was said to be the
limit of Pintubi country (Pollock Hills).
The group names given above by no means exhaust the terms
used to refer to different dialectical groups but will serve
to identify the groups that are distinguished from one
another in the area. I propose to use this material in
a paper perhaps for Oceania, which will add a footnote to
Dr Berndt's recent article on 'The Concept of 'The Tribe'
in the Western Desert of Australia' Vol XXX No 2, December
1959. I am sending some of the material to Mr Tindale
who kindly supplied me with maps showing place and tribal
names which he has gathered in the Western Desert areas,
as well as genealogies recorded at Mt Liebig in 1932.
3. The Pintubi Way of Life : Data was gathered on kinship
terms and obligations, totemic beliefs and customs, as well
as on local organisation, family size, marriage, population
distribution and the extent of normal travel. Some addi-
tional material was gathered on food and water supplies.
One interesting point was the reliance of these desert
people in the dry times on the permanent (but usually salty)
waters located, in limestone, especially near salt lakes and
known as INDA (INDAWARA). Jupiter Well was sunk in a belt
of this country only yards from a native soak (PUNDUDJARPA)
and a few miles from another important water (NYINMI).
Information was also gathered in the first contact of the
Pintubi with the outside world and their earlier emigrations
to the East.
4. I had intended to spend more time at Papunya
making detailed enquiries into these subjects and starting
some language work but as things worked out I had only odd
days there until the last week after my return from the
main field trip. In these few days I recorded a few tapes
of vocabulary and usage, and a few totemic songs. Some
sign language was recorded and short comparative vocabu-
laries of the various dialects in the area were noted down.
5. Some incidental observations :-
(a) Cattle were said to have been seen around
Pollock Hills some years before and several
were speared and eaten because there was one
man (see census lists) who had worked in
Western Australia as a stockman. (Cattle
had been reported by the group seen in 1957
but were not killed, being regarded as MAMU
(devils)).
(b) I learnt from Mr Beadell (through Mr Macdougal)
that his road making party (1960) had seen fires
but no natives. Natives seemed to have had
limited contact with the National Mapping party
(1961), though one man and his family followed
them from one camp to another.
They then became acquainted with tea,
damper, etc., and all groups were
equipped with tins : the Northern group
from camping on the road, the sandhills
groups from Giles.
(c) A species of Acacia which grows tall and
straight is thick in one area west of
Pollock Hills and provides an inexhaustible
supply of spear shafts. All Papunya per-
sonnel on both trips gathered these
enthusiastically and returned with close
to 100 spears all told, some of which have
already been exported to Yuendumu. A
site where stone knives 'Like butcher'
knives' are said to be found could not be
visited beacuse of the Landrovers' broken
springs.
(d) Some tjuringa were brought in from a hiding
place in Pollock Hills by Nosepeg who was
given them by their present custodians. He
was enjoined to retain them at Papunya where
there are now no such objects, all having
been apparently sold to white people.
(e) An important site associated with the 'bandicoot
(TJALGU) dreaming' a few hundred yards west of
the TJITURUBA soakage was shown to me in order
that I could ensure that no white people dese-
crate it and remove the objects. I described
its location to Mr Macdougal and we agreed that
the best way of ensuring its safety is to leave
its location unreported and make no tracks to
it.
(f) After my 1957 trip to Lake Macdonald I recorded
the names of 29 adult males, 23 of whom had
families, and added another to the list when
visiting Giles in 1961. Of these one had
come in to Haast's Bluff in 1958 and another
was met near Sir Frederick Range in 1961.
Five more were positively identified among
those seen on this trip; one was reported
recently dead and another was reported living
near Labbi-Labbi with his wives and one or
two widows and young people (two children are
at Yuendumu). One of the single men was with
the Jupiter Well group and two other men and
their families were with the Sandhills groups.
Because of the risks of upsetting informants
by mentioning the names of the dead it was not
possible to press enquiries about the Unident-
ified 18 men and their families. No doubt
several have died and some may be recorded
with different names.
J P M Long
Senior Research Officer
Following is a list of people met during the patrol
(A) Dovers Hill Group
(1) (Kuli) ?Nadigi, Tjabaldjari, born 1924 (M(9), Br2(x), Sr(4)
(1) Unnamed, Nagamara, born 1925
(i) Pawa, Tjungarai, born 1951, lame with burnt foot
(2) Anyuba, Nambidjinba, born 1949,
father is Windaru (died since 1957), M(10) Tjinaba
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(2) Wipudandja (Tjalyuri), Tjabaldjari, born 1932, M(9), Br1(x), Sr(4)
(3) Manadji, Nambidjinba, born 1946,
father is Windaru, sister is at Papunya, M(10) Tjinaba
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Nambulubala, Tjugudi, Tjagamara, born 1930, brother 5
(4) Murmuya, Nabaldjari, born 1938, M(9), Br1,2
(ii) Unnamed, Tjuburula, born 1958
(5) ?Pararanga, Nabaldjari, born 1942, M(6)
(iii) Unnamed, Naburula, born 1961
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Kuku, Tjungarai, born 1920
(6) Anmanari, Nangala, born 1927, M lives near Lake Hazlett
(iv) ?Pararanga, Nabaldjari, born 1949, promised to 3
(v) Yakari-na, Nabaldjari, born 1952
(vi) Punditja, Tjabaldjari, born 1954
(vii) Payunga, Nabaldjari, born 1957
(7) Wangala, Nangala, born 1944, Br6. M lives near Jupiter Well
(viii) Unnamed, Nabaldjari, born 1960
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(5) Paul Tjambuna Djungugarnga, Tjagamara, born 1946, Br3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6) Gagamanei, Tjangala, born 1946, Sr(7)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(8) Ngangi, Nungarai, born 1935, Widow. Husband perished summer 1961-1962.
Sr Nanguri at Papunya
(ix) Unnamed, Nambidjimba, born 1959, suffering from yaws
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(9) Nanguri, Nangala, born 1909, Widow. Husband died 1962.
(x) Unnamed, Tjabaldjari, born 1949, wears nose bone
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(7) Pipandji, Tjangala
(10) Tjinaba, Nungarai, born 1924, first husband died since 1957
(xi) Yupupu, Nambidjimba, born 1956
NB This family was not seen, having gone south to the Sandhill group.
This man may have another wife but is said to be married to this widow.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Persons seen-
Males Females
Adults 6 9 = 15
Children 4 6 = 10
Totals 10 15 = 25
(B) Sandhills (Patjantja) Group
(1) Ngindji-Ngindji, Tjagamara, born 1912, Br Kulita at Papunya; 2
(1) Adrian, Tjuburula, born 1950, mother died at Warburton Mission
Unnamed, Tjuburula, Mother died 1962. Br Narwina at Papunya
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Tanalga, Tjagamara, born 1932, Br 1; Kulita
(i) Minyanda, Nabaldjari, born 1944
(ii) Unnamed, Tjuburula, born 1961
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Yalai-ala, Tjungarai, born 1924, Sr Tjinaba a(10), Br Ngitjita at Papunya
(2) Nyingura, Naburula, born 1938, Br Narwina, Sr Aninda near Lake Hopkins
(iii) Mawitji, Tjabaldjari, born 1956
(iv) Unnamed, Nabaldjari, born 1960
NB This family was brought into Papunya for treatment of (iii)s burns
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Unnamed, Nagamara, Br 1,2
(2) Mankadi-na, Nangala
Muramura, Tjabaldjari
Pikili
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Yuntjialta, Tjuburula
(3) Ngilarana, Nabananga
(i) Payaranga, Nagamara
(ii) Tiluru-na, Nagamara
(4) Anmanari, Nabananga
(iii) Nabala-na, Tjagamara, youth
(iv) Gatili-na, Tjagamara, about to be initiated
(v) Unduntja, Tjagamara
(5) Tamara, Nabananga
(vi) Yuwara, Nagamara
(vii) Wangugarnga, Nagamara
(6) Nyangura, Nabananga
(viii) Jimmy?, Tjagamara, born 1956
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) (--atjari), Djindaga, Tjagamara, F Yuntjialta above
(7) Katora, Nabaldjari
(ix) Magi-na, Nabaldjari
(8) Mitjikali, Nabaldjari
(x) Unnamed, Naburula
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Ngunpi, Tjabaldjari
(4) Tjamindji, Tjungarai
NB These two had visited the Dover Hills Group June 1962
to arrange a meeting for an initiation.
Persons seen-
Males Females
Adults 3 2 = 5
Children 3 1 = 5
Totals 6 3 = 9
Persons not seen- (includes family of A7)
Males Females
Adults 5 8 = 13
Children 6 6 = 12
Totals 11 14 = 25
(C) Western Group
Tracks seen Jupiter Well (14. 6.1962).
(1) Mumudja (Yilta-na), Tjabanangga
(1) Payuntji, Naburula
(2) Irana, Naburula
(i) Tjambu-na, Tjabangadi
(ii) Kala-na, Tjabangadi
(iii) Kandju-pandja, Tjabangadi
(3) Nyugana-na, Naburula
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Kantagra, Tjabangadi, has worked as stockman, tall
(4) Payunguna, Nambidjimba
(5) Kayu-kayu, Nambidjimba
(6) Nambidjin, Nambidjimba
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Pitaninya, Purukulu, 'Western' subsection terms
(7) Nanunara, Karimara
(8) Wanabadji, Karimara
(9) Nyuniwa, Karimara
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Nyunmulngu, Tjabaldjari
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adult Males listed 19. 7.1962
(5) Ngambulinya, Tjaruru
(6) Nyurnga, Purungu
(7) Mimana-na, Iparuka
(8) Kapalbunggu, Tjagamara
(9) Malbanti-banti, Purungu
(10) Winguru, Purungu
(11) Tjinadinggilgira, Tjabaldjari
(12) Ngaranba-na, Karimara
(13) Talbunu, Karimara
(14) Tirundja-na, Tjagamara
(15) Kulatagara-na, Tjuburula
(16) Yungguru-Muntjun, Purukulu
(17) Inana, Tjabaldjari
Total tracks seen
Male Female Total
Adults 4 9 13
Children 3 - 3
Totals 7 9 16
(Macdougal met (31. 7.1962) : Adult males = 2)
Listed Adult males = 13
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